Barry MacDonnell'sToolbox for WordPerfect
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Macros, tips, and
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Page updated Sep 17, 2024 |
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Footnotes and Endnotes: Setting or changing margins, numbering, font sizes, tabs and other formatting in WordPerfect notes
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Overview (or "Things You Should Know First") ☼ Where your notes appear in the document Footnotes and endnotes are created at the insertion cursor location with Insert, Footnote/Endnote. This adds a reference number (or letter or symbol) at that location, which internally links to the note itself. By design, footnotes and endnotes — like document text, headers, footers, and standard page numbering — will appear inside the four page margins. • Page
margins are displayed using margin guidelines — faint dotted gray lines on your screen which do not print. These guidelines set a four-sided perimeter that normally contains your text, notes, headers/footers, etc.
On the other hand, anything between that perimeter and the edge of the page is referred to as outside the margin — even though the area is often referred to as the "margin" or "in the margin" in printed material.
It can be a bit confusing, so when editing a document in WordPerfect it might help to think in terms of a fence (the margin guidelines) that has an inside and an outside. There are some tips on this site (e.g., here) to let you work outside the fence, but most of the time you will work inside it. Tip
Guidelines can be made "draggable" and/or toggled on and off from the View, Guidelines menu. For more on Guidelines (and Gridlines) see here. • Footnotes are typically displayed at the bottom of the page where they were created, just inside the bottom page margin (or, optionally, just below the last paragraph of text on the page). Tips
☼ To edit the contents of a footnote, just click inside the note at the bottom of the page; or (new in WordPerfect 2020) hold down the Ctrl key while you click on a note's number in the main document. ☼ To change the style of the numbering or the format of the contents see Part 1 and Part 2 below. • Endnotes are typically displayed together at the end of the document, usually on a separate page (but you can display them on any other page; see Endnote Tips here). Tips
☼ Endnotes might appear similar to footnotes in respect to their ability to be directly editable with a simple mouse click, but they are actually contained inside a special ("sub")structure which can make them seem to be unavailable to edit. Here's the way to edit existing endnotes.
• [Legacy method:] Click Insert, Footnote/Endnote and choose the endnote number to edit. -or- • [New in WordPerfect 2020:] Hold down the Ctrl key while you click on a endnote's number in the main document -or- over the endnote itself in the Endnotes section. ☼ To change the style of the numbering or the format of the contents see Part 1 and Part 2 below. ☼ If an endnote contains a lot of material -- or if you have lots of endnotes -- and the content(s) of the Endnotes section spills over by one or more pages, you might not see all contents if you are in Draft view or Two-Page view. In this case, choose Page view (View, Page). • Footers (if used) will "push" footnotes upward from the page's bottom margin. The distance can be adjusted on the footer's property bar. For more on headers and footers see here. • Footnotes or Endnotes can be deleted by simply deleting the note's visible number in the document's text editing area or by deleting the underlying [Footnote] or [Endnote] code in the Reveal Codes pane. When a note is deleted the other numbers will automatically re-sequence. Tip
All note numbers and their corresponding notes can be deleted in one operation by placing the cursor at the top of the document and using Edit, Find and Replace: 1. Back up the document first, especially when using such global operations.
2. Click in the Find and Replace's Find: field and search for the Footnote or Endnote code (use Match, Codes... at the top of the F&R dialog to choose and insert the desired code in the Find: field). 3. Then with the Replace with: field set to <Nothing> (or just empty), click Replace All. 4. Verify that all notes have been deleted. ☼ You can use both footnotes and endnotes in the same document Using both types of notes in the same document might come in handy (for example) if you wish to use one for author's notes that are intended to be removed (or copied) later. [Tip: See NoteTools for some macros that can help quickly navigate and/or convert notes.] Exceptions
• Footnotes
in parallel
columns
WordPerfect
does not
support creating footnotes in parallel columns. (See Format, Columns on
the main WordPerfect menu.) Footnotes will be converted to endnotes if
you try to create footnotes in parallel olumns.
However: Footnotes can be created in newspaper columns. You can change parallel columns to newspaper columns by double-clicking the [Col Def] code in Reveal Codes.] • Footnotes in tables If you try to create a footnote in a header row of a table, you will find that the Footnote/Create option is unavailable. You must use an endnote in that situation.
Reason: Since a header row might span several pages, a footnote would not logically work in that situation. (Which page should it appear on? And might the reader erroneously assume it applies to just that page and not all table pages?) So WordPerfect forces you to use an endnote. However: You can use footnotes in ordinary non-header rows if you disable (un-tick) the option, "Divide row across pages" in Table, Format, Row (tab) for the row (or just right-click in the cell, then choose Format, Row (tab), etc.). If "Divide row across pages" is enabled, you will find that the Footnote/Create option is unavailable, and you must use an endnote in that situation — and for the same reason given above for header rows. [Thanks to Günther Juncker for this tip.] ☼ Inheritance This sequence is important to understand for several reasons. • WordPerfect's formatting is oriented like a stream: Format codes introduced in the stream have effects that often flow downstream
from one item to the next
until the codes are either stopped or replaced with something else (of
the same formatting type, such as a font type or a margin setting). [These codes are usually directly visible in the Reveal Codes window.]
Tip
This "codes in the stream" metaphor can be very helpful if you need to troubleshoot a problem with footnotes or endnotes — or with many other types of formatting created with such codes. Sometimes the source of a problem is upstream from the location where the problem first appears. In that case you might need to look further up the stream in the document's text areas, or inside the document's initial style code (next paragraph below), or even in the template that spawned that document. (More in the next several paragraphs and also in "codes in the stream".) • The current font and some other program default (and optional user-specified) format codes
that set up your currently open document's initial style are
embedded in the upstream [Open Style: DocumentStyle] code at the very top
of the main document's text. This special code can be seen in the Reveal Codeswindow.
It functions as a sort of "container" for the document's initial design
elements and format specifications. Some of the formatting in notes
will come from that style.
In turn, the DocumentStyle code is inherited from the (further) upstream template that spawned the document (usually, the program's default template). (NB: If this code is not present in some documents, see the explanation on this page.) In brief, the program's basic formatting scheme works like this: Template file
(contains default and user-specified format codes — e.g., preferred font,
margins, etc. — and any other material such as images or even small amounts
of boilerplate text in the template)
 ...which (on File, New) creates the...Document file's [Open Style: DocumentStyle] code ...which initially sets up the...Document • Normally, you can make various adjustments in the document's initial DocumentStyle code (or in the template that spawns it so that your preferred formatting is transmitted to all new downstream documents). For example, see "How to set or modify default formatting for documents: A step-by-step guide" here. This is a simple, global adjustment for that document or template. But ... WordPerfect deals with footnote and endnote set ups directly using two separate dialogs accessed from the menu with Insert, Footnote/Endnote. Each dialog has various options, and each has their own sub-dialogs. Using them, you can set your personal preferences for footnotes and endnotes via special styles the program inserts in the document. For example -
You can set your note's starting number at the cursor location, and the (footnote) separator line's spacing, position, length. and line style. You can also set the - • numbering method (i.e., numbers, letters, or characters), • space between notes, • amount of note text to keep together, and • some other options for the numbering (e.g., font, color, etc.) - in the document Text areas and/or - inside the Notes These issues are covered in detail in following sections. ☼ Styles • The
actual appearance of a footnote or endnote — its placement, numbering
method, default font, etc. — is controlled by two built-in, related styles: [Footnote] and [Endnote].
You'll see them in the main text areas of the document in Reveal Codes when you create one or more footnotes or endnotes in that document. Notes
¤ Modifying either style to suit your formatting needs is best done using the program's built-in methods described in Part 1 and Part 2 below. (But be sure to read the rest of this Styles section first.)
¤ Removing either style code, either by manually deleting it in Reveal Codes or with Find and Replace, removes the related note, too (and renumbers the remaining notes). This can be handy, if it is something you need to do. •
These two styles make use of two other built-in (undeletable) styles to provide the automatic numbering for notes in the document text and in the notes: [Ftn#InDoc] and [Endn#InDoc]. (You'll see them listed
under Format, Styles if they exist in the document.)
Notes
¤ These particular format codes are not generally important for most users, except to say they produce the automatic numbering of notes via their corresponding Styles Editor codes: [Footnote Num Disp] and [Endnote Num Disp]. ¤ You'll see cautionary comments below about not deleting these two Number Display codes in the Styles Editor when customizing notes because you will lose automatic note numbering: the numbers will simply disappear in the document. [Related issue: It has been reported that converting WordPerfect documents to and from Microsoft Word can silently remove these Number Display codes.] ¤ See the tip below about restoring (resetting) footnotes and endnotes to their default state. • There are several other format codes that are associated with footnotes and endnotes, some of which might exist in a particular document depending on how you might have adjusted formatting. These can be seen listed in Edit, Find and Replace, Match,
Codes — but not all of them will be in a document or even be visible in Reveal Codes, since
some are included inside
the note's governing style. Others, such as [Footnote Num Set], will
appear in Reveal Codes at the location where they were implemented.
• You can easily edit the existing footnote or endnote style (see the next major sections Part 1, Part 2, etc.), overriding the document's default settings for notes (referenced in the previous Inheritance paragraphs). Thus, you can have the main body text and other
structures have one style of text, and the note's text can have another
style — such as a smaller font than the body text font.
You can even have the note's reference number in the body text area have a different style from the surrounding body text, as in the example in the "Changes to the current document (Part 1)..." section below. • You can easily restore (reset) footnotes or endnotes in a document to their default state. For example, if your footnote styles were modified (see Part 1
below) this procedure will reset them — both the style of the footnotes
and the style of the reference numbers in the document's text areas — including the automatic numbering of both.
[Note: For endnote styles, use Endnote and Endn#InDoc in steps 2 and 5 below.]
Make a backup of the document containing footnotes to be reset, then -
1. Click Format > Styles. This opens a Styles editor. 2. Click once on the Footnote style in the editor's left pane to choose it. 3. Click the Options button in that dialog, and then click Reset in the drop list. 4. Answer Yes to the confirmation message. 5. Repeat steps 2 - 4 for the Ftn#InDoc style. 6. Click Close to return to the document. • If you want to change a note's style throughout the document, here are some issues to consider. ▸ Do you want to apply any
changes you make to the current document only, or to all future
documents based on the template? If the latter, see the "Permanent
changes" section below.
▸ Is the text style of the note number (a.k.a, the calling or reference number) in the body of the document's text acceptable? For example, do you want the superscripted number enclosed in parentheses, bolded, and/or made relatively larger, etc.? [Note that you can change the style of all note numbers in the body text areas of the document independently of changes to the style of all numbers in the notes.] ▸ What about the text style or format of the note's text? Do you want to use a smaller font for the notes, full justification, or insert a space (or tab, or indent) between the note's number and the note's text? For tips on how to do these things, see the next major sections (Part 1, Part 2, etc.). ☼ More tips In WordPerfect's Help (F1; Index tab) look up the topic, "Formatting". Under that Help heading, look for "footnotes (or endnotes)." It contains some useful information. The remainder of this page has many tips that may help you solve a footnote or endnote problem or help you format notes to your specifications. [Page top]
Changes to the current document (Part 1) to the overall note style, such as the spacing between notes, numbering format, etc. [Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
[Be sure to read the General Tips above.] Notes
¤ To make
changes to the overall footnote or endnote style for just the current
document, you should place the cursor at the top of the
document
before all notes, if you want all notes affected by your changes.
Otherwise, simply position the cursor just before the particular note number where you want the
change to take effect.
¤ To make changes to the footnote's (or endnote's) text area — i.e., "inside the note" formatting — for just the current document, see the "Changes...(Part 2)..." section below. ¤ To make your changes permanent ("stick") for future documents, see below. How to do it In a document that has at least ONE footnote or endnote in it - Tips and notes
¤ For changes to the numbering style in the main body text area (also known as the calling (or reference) number) — such as the relative size, color, or bracketing of the number — you can use the In Text button (as in the image above and also in Example 1 below). [Arcane information: This is the same as using the
program's main menu (Format, Styles) and selecting and editing the Ftn#InDoc or
Endn#InDoc style — but it might be easier to remember to use the
Insert...Advanced... method.]
¤ For changes to the note's numbering style, margins, fonts, justification or other "inside the note" formatting, see the next section below. Or you can just click the In Note button on the Advanced dialog — but you might still want to read that section for some tips and examples. ¤ Endnotes normally appear on a separate page, but this can be changed. But this requires a different program feature: See "How to place
endnotes at the end of each chapter, subdocument, or other section (or
any place you want them), instead of at the very end of the document ... How to combine several files that contain endnotes" here.
Typical changes to footnotes and endnotes You can
change various aspects of footnotes and endnotes with the Advanced settings
built into each style.
Click Insert, Footnote (or Endnote), Options, Advanced. This brings up the Advanced Footnote Options dialog (or the Endnote Options dialog). [See images above.] • For example, you
might want more vertical spacing
between notes, so set the "Space
between notes" option. Or you might want to reduce the spacing to zero so
that the notes will appear adjacent to one another, vertically.
• You can edit the numbering style as it appears in the body text area (using "In Text" as in Example 1) or set a different font in the note itself (using "In Note" as in Example 2). • You can specify how much of the note's text to keep together on a page if and when the program needs to send part of the note to the next page. [For more on this see "Long footnotes..." below.] • Using the Advanced settings you can - ▸ change the Numbering Style for the note's number that is used in the document areas
with the "In Text" button (shown in the Advanced... dialog image above);
and/or ▸ change the Numbering Style that is used inside the note itself with the "In Note" button — both for the note's number and also the note's margins, font, etc., as explained in the Examples below. Explore these and other options — some of which are discussed elsewhere on this web page — with a "test" document that has some notes in it. Using the "In
Text" option, for example, you could change the relative size of the note's
number in the body text area of your document.
Here's how:
When in the Styles Editor that pops up when you click the Advanced option choice, then click "In Text" (see the images above), select just the [Footnote Num Disp] or [Endnote Num Disp] code and make the displayed number relatively larger with Format, Font, Relative Size (accessed from the Styles Editor's menu, not WordPerfect's main menu). Tips and notes:
☼ Selecting codes: It's easier (and more precise) to select one or more codes in a Styles Editor (or even in the document's Reveal Codes window) by holding down the <Shift> key and pressing the directional <arrow> key. This adds a [Select] code at the insertion point in the Contents pane to alert you that select mode is on, and each press of the arrow key extends the selection (the red block "cursor" moves with each press of the arrow key to indicate the end-of-selection location). Once selected, you can apply the new relative size and/or other format, etc. ☼ If you also want to change the relative size of the note's number inside the note itself, you will need to repeat the "Here's how:" paragraph above — but first click on "In Note" to edit that structure. Since both structures (i.e., In Note and In Text) can have their own numbering format, you can choose to format the numbers for each structure differently. ☼ Why not just use a new, absolute Font Size setting (e.g., 13-point) rather than use a relative font size (e.g., Large)? See the "Important cautions" below.] For example, if you are modifying the Footnote style to make the numbers appear relatively larger, the new codes should look like this in the Styles Editor (highlighting added to show the relative size codes): [Suprscpt][Large][Footnote Num Disp][Large][Suprscpt]
Notice that the pair of [Large]...[Large] codes surrounds just the [...Num Disp] code. This is the result of selecting just the footnote number display code first, not the entire string of codes. Tips:
☼ The "In Text" option allows a bit more formatting beyond setting the relative size of the numbers. For example, if you prefer to have spaces surrounding the number in the document's text areas you can add spaces (not shown in these examples) to either or both ends of the above format codes by simply pressing the <Spacebar> key. Other characters can be used in this fashion, such as brackets or parentheses. ☼ You can use the same paired-code (surround) method to change the font type ("font face") using the Format, Font menu at the top of the Styles Editor. ☼ The "In Note" option can be used to set the relative size of note numbers inside all notes (similar to the way "In Text" is used for note numbers in the main document) — but it also allows more formatting options for the rest of the material inside each of the notes. Important cautions Don't simply select the [Footnote Num Disp] or [Endnote Num Disp]
code with mouse or keyboard and then set a new absolute
font
size
for the note's number, since footnote/endnote
number
styles are "Open" styles (which continue until turned off or replaced by
another of the same type).
Hence you cannot apply an absolute size to just the number's selected Display code without also enabling an option in the Styles Editor to restore the current document's font size inside the note (see next paragraphs). If you try, you might cause all body text following the first note's number to be set in the new size, too! [To fix this problem you can either -
[A] Edit the number style again to remove the absolute [Font Size] code, and set a Relative size instead (just drag the Font code from the Styles Editor's Contents pane to remove it). - or - [B] Set an absolute size using the method discussed in the next paragraphs.] The reason this happens is that, unlike with the document's body text, an absolute font size code is always inserted in the Styles Editor as a single code (i.e., an "On" code only), and not a paired code (i.e., both "On"and "Off" codes) — regardless of whether you select the [Footnote Num Disp] code first. Instead, you could set a relative size as was done in the above example, which is a paired code whenever it is applied to selected codes (or text). In other words, when used this way (i.e., with selected material) the code will have an Off component as well as an On component. That said, and if you prefer it, you can use absolute sizes if you add a second "restorative" font size code following the footnote number code in the Contents pane — one that is the same as the font size used in the body text area at that point. The Contents pane should then look something like this (highlighting added to show the locations of the added font size codes): [Suprscpt][FontSize:14pt][Footnote Num Disp][FontSize:12pt][Suprscpt] This additional code will act as the font's "Off" code to the previous "On" code, and it should restore the change in font size back to the one used in the body text (here, 12-point). But it seems much more reliable to use a relative size change as discussed here, since the font size of the note's number will automatically change (relative to the body text) if you change the font size of the body text. These cautions also apply to changing the font type (Arial, Times, etc.). However, just like the method mentioned in the previous paragraphs concerning font sizes, you could manually insert the same font type at the end of the string of codes in the Contents pane that is used in the document's body text. It would look like this in the Styles Editor, assuming Times New Roman as the body text default and Courier as the desired font for the number (highlighting added to show the font type codes): [Font: Courier][Suprscpt][Footnote
Num Disp][Suprscpt][Font: Times New Roman]
Tip:
The
two new [Font] codes can also be placed inside the superscripted code
pair so that the parentheses are not affected by the change.
Using the "In
Note" option, when the Styles Editor opens to allow editing
the note's style you could insert a space
(or
two) with the <Spacebar> key, just after all codes in the
Editor's Contents pane. This will produce a small gap between the
note's number and the content of the note itself.
As with the previous examples above, this will apply to all notes in the document and saves you having to type in a space when creating each note. [Related tip: To change the spacing above and/or below the note's separator line, or its color, length, position, or style, see the section below.]
You can also use any of the format options from the menu at the top of the Styles Editor to change the note style, such as a new Font type or Font Size for the note's text. You can also drag codes out of the Styles Editor's Contents pane to delete them (or simply backspace over them); however, be sure to retain the [Footnote Num Disp] or [Endnote Num Disp] code, since this is what displays the note's number. Notice that when you are in the Styles Editor for the note itself (i.e., "In Note") you will see that the first code inside the Styles Editor's Contents pane is an [Open Style: DocumentStyle] code. This is the formatting code inherited from the template on which the current document is based. Don't delete it or edit it. You can remove or add characters and codes following that Open Style code to achieve a new format. When you are done, press OK. Reminder: The edits made in the Styles Editor will apply to the current document only. To make the modified style available for all new documents see the next section. Need to make your changes permanent? To make these
changes the default for future documents, see the permanent changes section.
[Page top] Changes to the current Document (Part 2) to the note's internal margins, fonts, justification, or other "inside the note" formatting [Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
[Be sure to read the General Tips above.] Making changes to notes ...
¤ To make changes to the overall note's style, such as the spacing between each note, the numbering style (e.g., font size or spaces before/after the number), how much of the note's text to keep together on a page, etc., see the "Changes...(Part 1)..." section above. ¤ As noted in the "Inheritance" section above, notes get much of their formatting from the default document style. You can, of course, add or change formatting to any individual note's text the same as you would for text in the body of the document. However (and except where noted), the material below in this section deals with modifying formatting inside the note's text area which then will apply to all notes in that document. ¤ To make your changes permanent ("stick") for future documents, see below. Editing the note's
style with the Styles Editor There are two ways to open the Styles Editor for Footnotes and Endnotes.
• Method A - for just the note itself
...the quickest way... 1. Open Reveal Codes and click inside any existing note. 2. Double-click the [Open Style: Footnote] code or the [Open Style: Endnote] code at the beginning of the note in the Reveal Codes window. For a Footnote it looks like this -
 • Method B - for either the number in the document text or the note itself
...the main program menu way (also found above)... 1. While inside the main document click on Insert, Footnote/Endnote. 2. Enable (click) the radio button for the type of Number to edit (Footnote or Endnote). 3. Click the Options button, then click Advanced.... [See first image above.] 4. When the Advanced Footnote (or Endnote) Options dialog appears, click the In Text or In Note button. [See second image in "How to do it" above.] Note:
The In Text button lets you change the format of the superscripted number in the main boidy text area of the document. (This button is also available using the method in the section above for formatting the overall style.) After you have formatted one of these numbers (In Note or In Text) you can immediately use the other button to format the other number. Either method
will bring up the Styles Editor for the notes where you can make the changes. The Footnote Styles Editor is shown here:  The small red block shows the current cursor position in the Contents pane. You can use the Shift+arrow key to more precisely select individual items to copy or delete. Caution! ¤ Be especially aware there is an
[Open
Style: DocumentStyle] code
inside the Contents pane of this Styles Editor. Do not delete it
or edit that code
or you might lose other formatting inherited from the main
document's initial style code (which code has the same name and
has a similar purpose: to provide initial, "default" formatting). ¤ Most users probably will want to retain the pair of Superscript codes around the Num[ber] Disp[lay] code. ¤ Note that the left-to-right order of format codes in that dialog can matter, especially if two similar codes — such as two [Font Size] codes — were put there: the rightmost is the most "recent" or "downstream" and will supersede the others of the same type. Reminders The edits made in the Styles Editor will apply to the current document only. To make your changes permanent ("stick") for future documents, see below. You can reset
the styles that control the numbering and formatting of footnotes and
endnotes to their default ("factory shipped") state, as explained above. Obviously this will remove any modifications you have made to them in the current document. Most often this particular Styles
Editor (see previous
paragraphs) is useful for changing
footnote (or endnote) margins in the text of the note to the same margin
settings that exist in the document prior to the footnote (or endnote).
[Footnotes and endnotes "inherit" their initial page margin (and some other) settings from the current document style as explained above.] Here's how to set them. • Using the foonote's (or endnote's) Styles Editor's menu (the 5-choice menu at the top of the Editor's dialog), click Format, Margins. • Then set the left and/or right margins (in the fields under "Document margins" in the dialog that pops up) to match the body text area's margins. This will insert the new new margin format code(s) in the Contents pane of the Styles Editor. [Note that the insertion point (cursor) where changes will be made is displayed as a small red block (█) in the Contents pane.] • Click OK when finished to close the Styles Editor. The new margin setting code (e.g., [Lft
Mar]) should normally be located just after the [Open Style...] code in
the Contents pane, before all other codes.
Tips ☼ [Starting with WordPerfect 11] if you first enable a
checkbox
option in the Insert, Footnote/Endnote dialog ("Align with document margins")
WordPerfect will place a [LftMar] code in the footnote's (or endnote's)
text. This causes the note's text to
align with the current page's left margin; however, the note's number at the
bottom of the page will still be at the extreme left (the default
location).
Hence, you might prefer setting the left margin for all notes inside the Footnote (or Endnote) Styles Editor as explained above in the previous paragraphs in this section. This places the number in alignment with the left page margin. ☼ If you delete the [Hd Left Tab] code in the Styles Editor's Contents pane, the note's number will start at the left margin instead of at the next tab stop. ☼ You can quickly change the left/right margins in an individual note by clicking inside the note and then dragging their page margin guidelines (you can enable them with View, Guidelines on WordPerfect's top menu) in the note leftward or rightward. But to change all notes in one operation, use the method above. Text justification, font size, tabs, line spacing, and other inside-the-notes formatting Text justification:
You can also
click the justification button on the Styles Editor toolbar (see above) for fully justified footnote
(or endnote) text, etc.
In the Contents pane of the Styles Editor, be sure to place the new [Just] code before (i.e., to the left of) the footnote (or endnote) number display codes, not after them. Notes and tips ¤ Typically, any justification other than Left that you make in the text area of the footnote (or endnote) in the main document area will cause the note's text to start one line below the note's number. Using the Styles Editor (see above) to set justification to Full, etc., is a cure for this odd issue. (But see the next note for an alternative to this.) ¤ If you want Full justification to be applied to just the current note and not other notes, and also not have the text drop down a line (as noted in the previous paragraph), here's a little trick from Noal Mellot in a WordPerfect Universe post, which applies equally to footnotes and endnotes: Instead
of using the Styles Editor,
"... turn on RevealCodes in the footnote editing window [i.e., the note's text area on the page], delete the Footnote style code, set to full justification, then, via the [document's Format,] Styles menu, reapply the Footnote style code after the full justification code." [This trick also works for some other formatting, such as setting new tabs or line spacing for just that note.] Font and/or font size:
As previously discussed, that you
can set the font and/or font size for all footnote or endnote text in the Styles
Editor (see above).
You can even set the font size to a fractional size (e.g., 10.5 points), but it is not obvious how to do it:
In the
footnote's or endnote's Styles Editor, do not use the font size drop
list on the Editor's property bar. Instead, use the Styles Editor's top
menu by clicking Format, Font. The Font Properties dialog appears. On
the Font tab, type the fractional size (e.g., 10.5) in the Size field,
then click OK. This inserts a [Font Size] code in the Editor's Contents
pane, at the current cursor location. [Thanks to Billvv on WordPerfect
Universe for this tip.]
Tabs:
Line spacing: Assuming you
have already set line spacing
inside the initial
document style (see "Inheritance" above)
to some value other than the
one you need to use inside notes, use Format, Line, Spacing in the
Styles Editor for the notes.
[Why "other than"? If, for example, the document's default line spacing is set to 1.0, then you won't be able to use this same value in the note's style since the program won't set a code that is redundant. Change the line spacing in the document's default style first, then set the note's line spacing to 1.0.] For example, if you have set line spacing in the document's main body text area (say, at the top of the document), then the notes will use whatever is indicated inside the default document style (or the template that spawned it). Hence, setting (e.g.) a line spacing of 2.0 at the top of the document will still produce notes with a line spacing of 1.0 (if that is the default document style — which it normally is). Other formatting: Back up the
document and experiment!
Need
to make your changes permanent?
To make these
changes the default for future documents, see the permanent
changes section.
More examples Example 1: There's a different
font in
the footnotes than the font used in body text.
In a Corel newsgroup a user aksed:
"Q: I would create a footnote in a
document that was done in
Times New Roman, and the footnote without fail would be created in
Courier (the number in the document body was TNR, but at the bottom of
the page everything was in Courier). Any ideas on how to fix this?
A: The font of the footnote's text (and endnote text) is controlled by the document's default font, which in your case appears to be Courier. If you go to the top of the document, double-click the [Open Style: Document Style] code in Reveal Codes. You should see the document's default font in the Styles Editor — probably set to Courier. Also, somewhere at the top of the document itself, you'll probably see a Times font code. The Times font applies to the body text from that point forward, but "substructures" such as footnotes, endnotes, headers, text boxes, comments, etc., will take their font from the default document style. There are a couple of ways to
solve this:
• Change WordPerfect's
default document style in the Styles Editor to Times New Roman (and if
you wish this to be the default for all new documents in the
future, check the box "Use as default"). The footnotes (or endnotes)
should now appear in TNR.
¤ Note: To set new fonts or font sizes,
I suggest you change the default document style either by
double-clicking the [Open Style: Document Style] code in Reveal Codes,
or with the menu selection, File, Document, Current Document Style (not Default Font, which only works if
there are no existing font codes in the Styles Editor).
• An alternative is to change only
the notes' font for the current document (as described above in this
section):
With Reveal Codes open, click inside any note.
Double-click the [Open Style: Footnote] or [Open Style: Endnote] code. This will bring up the Styles Editor for the notes in the document. Enter the font you want to use for the document's notes. [Note: To edit an endnote click Insert, Footnote/Endnote and choose the endnote number to edit; or (new in WP2020), in the document or the endnote section, hold down the Ctrl key while you click on a note number.]" Example 2: Setting customized tabs.
[Page top] Permanent changes (for future documents) [Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
[Be sure to read the general tips in the Overview section above.] To make your changes in the current document apply to new documents — i.e., make the changes "stick" — you can copy the newly modified note's style (see above sections) into your default template, which file is responsible to set certain user-preferred formatting for new, blank documents.
For more information about the default template, where it is and how
to edit it, see the Templates page.
Note that you could simply edit the default template document directly and create the new footnote or endnote style while editing it. In other words, by editing the template document you would not need to copy the style into it — you would simply create it there. However, for some users it might be easier and less problematic to copy the style into the template as described in the next 3 steps. Step 1. Make your changes to the appropriate footnote or endnote style as explained in the sections above ("Changes to the current document...").
Tip
If you want to restore these modified styles in the default template to their original state, you can either - (A) follow the above
procedure and save a newer version of the style that does not contain
the custom modifications, thereby replacing the modified style;
or - (B) edit the default template, select the modified styles there, and use the Options, Reset button in the template to reset the modified styles to their default state. [Page top] Setting new note numbering mid-way in the document [Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
While you type:
To set new footnote or endnote numbering values at the cursor location while you create new footnotes or endnotes in a normal sequence: In the Insert, Footnote/Endnote dialog you can use the field's spinner arrows to increment or decrement the number's (or character's) value.
This
probably is best done for the first note on a given page, otherwise the
other numbering values that are displayed might be confusing.
• Alternatively (and suggested for long or complex documents): Wait until the final draft and use the "When you edit" tip below. This should help prevent out-of-sequence numbering caused when creating/revising the document. (If such should occur, you can open Reveal Codes and remove the offending [Footnote Num Set] codes responsible.) When you edit:
If you want to reset existing numbering — i.e., change to a new number/letter/character's value starting on a specific page: • Place your cursor anywhere before
the point in the document's text where you want the new numbering to
take effect.
• In the Insert, Footnote/Endnote dialog make sure the appropriate radio button (Footnote number or Endnote number) is enabled. • Click on the Options button, then choose Set Number. • Select a new number (or character) -or- click a radio button to increase or decrease the next note's value by one. • Click OK, then Close the box. In Reveal Codes you should see [for footnotes] a new [Footnote Num Set] -or- [Footnote Num Inc] -or- [Footnote Num Dec] code at that location. [Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
Changing
the font of the "(continued...)" message
Here's a tip from Charles Rossiter (Corel C_Tech): Removing
the "(continued...)" message
• Go to the top of the footnoted document and click Insert, Footnote/Endnote and make sure the Footnote radio button is selected. [Page top]
Hiding note numbers [Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
It is possible to have footnotes (or endnotes) without displaying the note's number in the text or in the note (or both). This might be useful, for example, if you want to keep some explanatory text — something less formal than a footnote — at the bottom of a page so that if the related body text is moved, the explanation will move along with it. [Note that this method will apply to all Footnotes or Endnotes in the document, not just a particular one.
Alternative You can always add supplemental information inside one or more Text Boxes (Insert, Text Box), either with or without borders. Once created and sized, a Text Box can be set to a specific position. (And not just at the bottom of the page.) This might be best done on the final draft (unless the box is "anchored" to a specific character or paragraph so it moves with that text if the text is moved due to inserting or deleting material above it.). See WordPerfect Help about using Text Boxes.] Here's how to do it (based on a tip posted by "Re~Silient" on the Corel WP10 newsgroup). Basically, you color all note numbers white so they won't print. In the
text -
• Click Format, Styles, select
Ftn#inDoc or Endn#inDoc
Note: If the note style is not shown on
the Style List, click on Options, Setup, and check (i.e., enable) the
box to display System styles. DO NOT CHOOSE the option in this dialog
to save the modified style to the default template unless you really
want the changes to apply to all future documents based on the default
template.
• Click Edit. • In the Styles Editor's Contents field, place the cursor just in front of the [Footnote Num Disp] or [Endnote Num Disp] code. • Click Format, Font, then text color. Select white, and click OK. • Place the cursor just after the [Footnote Num Disp] or [Endnote Num Disp] code. • Click Format, Font, then text color. Select black, and click OK. • Click OK to exit the Styles Editor, then Close. All note numbers in the body text are now colored white, but the codes will still show in Reveal Codes. • Double-click on the [Open Style] code at the beginning of the note. This will open the Styles Editor for the note's text. • In the Styles Editor's Contents field, place the cursor just in front of the [Footnote Num Disp] or [Endnote Num Disp] code. • Click Format, Font, then text color. Select white, and click OK. • Place the cursor just after the [Footnote Num Disp] or [Endnote Num Disp] code. • Click Format, Font, then text color. Select black, and click OK. • Click OK to exit the Styles Editor, then Close. All note numbers in the note's text are now colored white, but the codes will still show in Reveal Codes. [Page top] Tips for using notes in master documents and subdocuments [Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
From Laura Acklen's tutorial Working with Master Documents and Subdocuments: "Footnotes
and Endnotes
• Don't place footnote or endnote
option codes in the subdocuments. Place these codes only in the master
document.
• In most cases, footnotes should be numbered sequentially throughout a document. If you decide to restart the numbering in each subdocument, however, you need to place a footnote numbering code in an open style at the top of each subdocument. • You can place all endnotes at the end of the document or at the end of each subdocument. For the former method, insert an endnote placement code at the end of the master document, and choose Insert Endnotes at Insertion Point in the Endnote Placement dialog box. For the latter method, insert an endnote placement code at the end of the subdocument, and choose Insert Endnotes at Insertion Point and Restart Numbering in the Endnote Placement dialog box...."
For
more tips on using the master and subdocument feature, see the "Notes
and Tips for Master Documents and Subdocuments" feature on the MakeSubs macro download page here.
[Page top] Using characters/symbols in place of one or more footnote numbers [Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
A.
Using characters in place of ALL footnote numbers (for SOME numbers see below)
If you want to use the same text character (e.g., an asterisk) or symbol (e.g., inserted with Insert, Symbol) for ALL footnotes instead of using incrementing numbers or letters (the default methods):1. Click Insert, Footnote, Options (button), Advanced.If you have already created footnotes in the current document, simply place your cursor to the left of the footnote code where you want to start using characters (or at the very top of the document), then follow the above steps, choosing Close in Step 3. B.
Using characters in place of SOME footnote numbers (for ALL numbers see above)
Suppose you have a dozen footnotes and want footnote #3 and footnote #10 to be preceded by an asterisk character (*) and not a number, but you want all numbered footnotes to retain their standard numerical sequence. [Page top] Long footnotes: white space (pagination) problems, and how to divide a long footnote over several pages [Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
Do you have one or more long footnotes
that seem to want to stay together on the same page and cause large,
empty areas on a page (or even blank pages) due to WordPerfect's
forcing its own pagination scheme?
This can happen even when you have set the amount of footnotes to keep together on one page to a large amount with Insert, Footnote/Endnote, Options, Advanced. Here's a tip from Charles Rossiter (Corel C_Tech) that might explain why this happens and what to do about it: "The final pagination in relation to footnotes is dependent not just the current footnote, but also on its neighbours. To these tips, "J.A.G." at WordPerfect
Universe added:
- Use endnotes. [Tips: See the Corel shipping macro, Footend.wcm, which can convert all your footnotes to endnotes in the document or selection of text (be aware that macro must be played when the cursor is outside a note's box). To convert single footnotes to endnotes, and vice versa, see SwapNote.wcm here.] Dividing footnotes
Think of a footnote as somewhat like a separate document. If you need to break up a footnote across several pages, place your cursor at the desired location(s) in the note and press <Ctrl+Enter> to insert a hard page break. (You'll probably want to type "(continued...)" at the beginning of the subsequent portions of the note.) Tip
To fill up some or all white space at the bottom of the page you could use a text box filled with slash ("///////....") marks.
Below is a macro that can do the job (taken from this WordPerfect Universe post). It produces a specified text box attached to the page that can be expanded or contracted to fit the space. Since it will be positioned at the bottom of the page the cursor is on, it is best used on the final draft of the document in case you added or deleted material above the space it is designed to fill. (See also the tips at the top of the code.) To copy this code into your WordPerfect program to create a working macro see here. // Macro code begins here: // SpaceFiller.wcm - creates a 3-inch tall "hash box" // Tips: // - Left-click on the box lets you drag the box top border up/down to adjust the // box's height; or just set BoxHeight() below to set your preferred default. // - Left-click in it to position the cursor before the first slash mark to add a color. // - Right-click directly on the box anytime to Delete it. // - To change the box's vertical position on a page, revise BoxVerticalAlignment(). // Create the text box - BoxCreate (BoxType: TextBox!) // Edit its contents - BoxContentEdit // Insert lots of slash marks (/) to fill (overfill) the box - RepeatValue (Value:10000) Type("/") // Close the box - SubstructureExit // Size the box, etc. - BoxWidth (Width:AutoWidth!) BoxHeight (Height: 3.0") BoxBorder(NoBorder!) BoxFill (FillStyleName: NoFill!) // No fill in box (you can change this if desired) BoxAttachTo (Anchor: Page!) // Anchor the box to the page BoxOverlap (State: Yes!) // Overlap any other boxes BoxHorizontalAlignment (Alignment:AlignMargins!; Position:FullAlign!; Offset:0.0") BoxVerticalAlignment (Alignment:Bottom!; Offset:0.0") BoxTextFlow (NoWrapping!) BoxToBack () // Wrap box behind any text // Update changes to the box - BoxUpdateDisplay () BoxEnd (State: Save!) Return // Macro code ends [Page top] Change the footnote separator line's color, and/or its vertical spacing, length, horizontal position, or graphic style [Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
Back up the document you are working on. Then, at this point, you might want to locate your cursor at the top of the document in the main body text area (not inside a header, text box, or other structure) so that all adjustments to the footnote separator will take effect from that point forward. [Otherwise, WordPerfect will put a [Delay] code at the top of the document to delay the onset of the new line style until it reaches the location where the cursor is currently located.] Any changes you make take effect immediately in the current document, but they can be easily reversed: see the Note below. To make the modified footnote style available in future documents, see the section above. Change the COLOR of the separator line
Assume you want a gray (grey) separator
line between body text and footnote. [You can, of course, use any color.]
First, create a new gray line style that
the footnote (and other program features) can use:
• On the WordPerfect main menu, click Format > Graphics Styles [the Graphics Styles dialog opens];
• in that dialog's "Style type" section, click the "Line" radio button; • in the "Styles" list, click on the "Single" style; • in that same dialog, click the Options button, and then lick "Copy..."; • in the next dialog (Copy Line Style) name the new opy (e.g.) "Single Gray" (without quote marks); then • click OK. Next:
• The new style's name will appear at the very bottom of the "Styles" list. Click on "Single Gray" to select it;
• click the Edit button, in the Edit Line Style dialog that appears, click the Color button to change the color to gray (grey) from the color palette that appears; then • Click OK, then Close. Finally [apply the new color to the separator line]:
• Click on Insert > Footnote/Endnote
(be sure the Footnote radio button is selected) > Options > Separator >
Line Style.
This gives a graphic display of line styles, and a
drop-down list of named graphic styles.
In the drop-down list, select the
last entry, which should be
"Single Gray". • Click OK, then Close. [Thanks to Charles Rossiter for this tip.]
Change the SPACING above and/or below the separator line, and/or its position, length, etc [As noted above: Place the cursor at the top of the document (in the main body text area).]
• Click Insert > Footnote/Endnote. Be sure the radio button for Footnote is selected. • Click Options > Separator to bring up the Line Separator dialog where you can adjust the space distance(s). [By default, the distances are set to 0.160".] • While in the Line Separator dialog you can also set the Line format in this dialog — horizontal justification (Left, Center, etc.), distance from the left edge of the page, and/or line length. You can also specify the graphical Line style (single line, double line, etc.).
• Click OK, then Close, to return to the document. Related tip: If you want to add a small horizontal gap (i.e., a space) between every note's number and the note's text, see the example in "Changes to the current Document (Part 2)" above. Note
In Reveal Codes, these procedures put a [Footnote Sep Ln] code in the document at the cursor location (or inside a
[Delay] code if you do not use them starting at the top of the document).
This code contains the settings you chose above in this section. It can be double-clicked in the Reveal Codes pane to quickly make any adjustments or reversals; or you can simply repeat the relevant commands above. [Page top] Use two different footnote styles in the same document [Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
Assume you have a document where page 1 has a large left margin, and page 2 and following pages have a normal margin or one that differs from page 1 (resetting page margins on page 2 is best done with a delay code; see here). In overview, you need to create two new footnote styles and a small macro to employ them when needed in the document. Create the two styles. For this example let's call them FootnotePg1 and FootnotePg2. First, create a typical document that you plan to use these new footnotes in, and be sure it contains at least one footnote so that the Footnote style appears in Format, Styles. Be sure your cursor is NOT inside the footnote.Now, create this macro in your default macros folder: FootnoteCreateThe macro inserts a footnote on the current page. If it is page 1, it will create the footnote using the FootnotePg1 style. If it is any other page, it will create the footnote using the FootnotePg2 style. Note that these styles must already exist in the document (or the template on which the document is based). Once created on your system, the macro can be accessed from a menu, toolbar button, and/or shortcut key: See here. [Page top] How to format footnotes into two columns
[Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
To prevent misunderstanding ... The topic here is not about using footnotes in body text that has been formatted into one or more columns of text with Format, Columns. Rather, this topic describes a method of producing footnotes where each footnote is split into two columns inside the footnote itself. The body text on these pages might be formatted as a single column (or no column formatting at all) or it might be formatted in multiple newspaper columns. [N.B.: WordPerfect does not support creating footnotes in parallel columns. Footnotes will be converted to endnotes if you try to create footnotes in parallel olumns. However, footnotes can be created in newspaper columns. You can change parallel columns to newspaper columns by double-clicking the [Col Def] code in Reveal Codes.]The following is based on the author's reply to a post on WordPerfect Universe. It is a bit time consuming since it is not an automatic method, but it gets the job done. Method • First, make a copy of your
document, then convert all footnotes in it to "plain text" endnotes in
a separate document with my Note2Txt
macro.
[In the first menu dialog that appears when you play the Note2Txt macro, choose "Footnotes" and "Separate document." In the second menu dialog, format the notes to your preferences (perhaps use just superscripted numbers without a "terminator" but with a space after the number). In the third dialog that appears (after you click Convert Notes), choose the second option — "Number notes where they were in the original document."] You should now have two
documents: the original with note numbers in plain text in the body
text area instead of [Footnote] codes, and a separate "notes" document
containing all notes in plain text.
• Go to the first page that has note numbers on it, and take note of which notes should appear at the bottom of the page. Then go to the separate "notes" document and select the notes that should be on that first page in the main document. While text is selected, click Insert, Text box to insert the selected notes into a text box. (You can remove the border later.) • Select the note material inside the text box and set any desired font, font size, etc. • Change the notes to two columns: Place the cursor at the top of the note material inside the box, before the first note's number, and click Insert, Columns to change the material to two-column format; choose "Balanced newspaper" columns if desired. (The box size might change; you can resize the box later.) • Click outside this box to get out of the box's edit mode, then right-click on the box and choose "Select box" from the context menu that appears. Press <Ctrl+C> to copy the box to the Windows clipboard. • Go to the first page with the notes, and paste (<Ctrl+V> ) the text box anywhere on the page. Right-click on it and select Position, Attach box to: Page, and set a Vertical Box Position of "0" inches from Bottom Margin. Enable the checkbox, "Box stays on page." (The Horizontal Position should probably be Center of Margins.) Click OK. • To remove the border from the text box, right-click the text box and choose Border/Fill, choose the "empty" icon to set the border style to "no line" style, then click OK. • To resize the box, right-click the text box and choose Size, then set the Width to Full. • Go to the next page with note numbers on it and repeat the text box creation procedure for those specific notes, copy the box, paste it, etc. Note Since you have converted footnotes to endnotes, then inserted a text box on the previous page, you probably will need to be careful when examining the document to ensure that the new "boxed" notes end up on their proper pages. Tip You can add hard returns prior to the [Col Def] codes in the footnotes to add spacing between the footnotes and the body text. [Page top] indenting all footnote text while leaving note numbers at the margin [Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
Here's a tip based on a post on
WordPerfect Universe (here)
that puts the footnote numbers flush against the left margin and
automatically indents all subsequent footnote text paragraphs
one tab stop inward from the margin. (See the Method section below.)The effect is made more apparent with multiple paragraphs in a footnote: They all will line up under the first paragraph, not at the left margin, like this: Note
You can apply this formatting to just the current document, or you can save it as a default footnote style (see above). Method Assuming your document page's left margin is set to 1.0" and your first tab stop is set at 1.25" — Step 1. Click inside an existing footnote to place the cursor in the footnote's text area. Then, in Reveal Codes, double-click on the [Open Style: Footnote] code; this opens the Styles Editor dialog. Note
that the very first code inside the Styles Editor's Contents pane is
another [Open Style] code: [Open Style: DocumentStyle] code: This is the formatting code inherited from the template on
which the current document is based; its purpose is to allow the footnote to inherit
general formatting from that template. Don't delete or edit it. In the next steps you will
remove or add codes after this code to achieve the
new format.
Step 2. With the cursor just to the right of the [Open Style: DocumentStyle] code in the Contents pane (if it is not in that position, click there with your mouse), remove any [Hd Left Tab] code with the <Delete> key. This code is typically inserted to cause the footnote text to start one tab stop after the note's number. This same effect will be accomplished below. Step 3. Go to the menu at the top of the Styles Editor dialog and click Format, Margins. In the Page Setup dialog that appears, increase the left page margin to 1.25" (and also the right page margin, if necessary, to match the main document's right page margin). This setting makes footnote text start at the same tab stop that you use in the main document (in this example, at 1.25"). Step 4. Exit from the footnote and open a new, blank document (e.g., with File, New). Click on Format, Line, Tab Set from the main WordPerfect menu and manually set the "Tab position" to -0.25" (i.e., minus 0.25 inch) from the left margin, and set it to Repeat every 0.25". Click Set, then Close to return to the (otherwise blank) document. [Tip: You can also set tabs every 0.25" with the TabSet25 macro in the Library.] At this point you can test the
effect achieved by the new tab setting by immediately entering a hard
back tab with <Shift+Tab>. The cursor should move outside the
left margin by 0.25". Note that the [Tab Set] code will not show
this new setting in Reveal Codes, but it is there nonetheless.
Step 5. In Reveal Codes, carefully select just the resulting [Tab Set] code, copy it (<Ctrl+C>), and paste it (<Ctrl+V>) into the footnote's Styles Editor in the document that contains your footnotes by editing the footnote as described above in Step 1. The new code should be pasted immediately after the [Lft Mar: 1.25"] code. (See the code sequence at the end of these instructions, below.) Step 6. Click on Format, Paragraph, Back Tab on the Styles Editor menu. This will insert a [Hd BackTab] code in the Contents pane, just to the right of the [Lft Mar: 1.25"] and [Tab Set] codes. This back tab setting moves the footnote number back to the left margin. Step 7. Move the cursor past the [Footnote Num Disp] code and past any formatting codes surrounding it (the default is a pair of [Suprscpt] codes). Click on Format, Paragraph, Indent. This will insert a [Hd Lft Indent] code. This setting ensures all footnote paragraphs will be indented one tab stop (here, 0.25") from the left margin. The resulting codes should look
something like this in the Contents pane (and they should be in this
order but without space characters between the [codes]):
[Open Style: DocumentStyle] [Left Mar: 1.25"] [Tab Set: (Rel)...] [Hd Back Tab] [SuprScpt] [Footnote Num Disp] [SuprScpt] [Hd Left Ind] Step 8. Click OK to return to the document. [Page top] How to reference the same footnote in a document from multiple body text locations (a.k.a. "repeat" a footnote) [Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
A
WordPerfect footnote is made up of two parts:
(1) the footnote number in the body text area of the document — also called the footnote reference or calling number — andRepeating a footnote number elsewhere in the text so that you have more than one "pointer" to a given footnote is often requested by users. Unfortunately, using WordPerfect's automatic footnote feature you can't have two identical footnote references (i.e., duplicate [Footnote] number codes) in the body text of the same document ... but you can cross-reference an existing footnote more than once, either from one or more locations in the body text area (thereby simulating a duplicate note number with a cross reference number), or from inside other footnote text (i.e., use a normal footnote but one whose text at the bottom of the page contains a cross reference to another footnote). With a little fiddling you can even make the numbers appear much like a normal superscripted footnote number, as described in the Tips section below. Here's how to do it. [Note that menu choices below refer to the <WordPerfect> menu, not the <Microsoft Word> menu. Right-click on the top menu bar to see what menu is active.] Step 1 - Mark the "target" footnote. • Go to the existing footnote you wish to reference (i.e., click inside the footnote itself, usually at the beginning of the note's text). • Then click on Tools, Reference, Cross Reference to open the Reference Tools dialog (Cross Reference tab). See Fig. 1.
The above dialog can be dragged aside using
its title bar as the "grab" point.
(a) Make sure the Reference Type field is set to "Footnote" so that the reference will use the footnote's actual number. (b) Enter a unique target name (e.g. "footnote2" or "crossref_b" or whatever you fancy), in the Select Target field. (c) Click the [Mark Target] button to insert the new [Target] code, which will now be visible in Reveal Codes, as shown in Fig. 1a.
• Go to (click in) the document location(s) where you want to add the reference to the same footnote — it can even be inside another footnote — and add some reference text such as "see footnote " as shown in the Fig. 2 example below. This step is not mandatory. You could add just the reference number in the document — Step 3 does this — if you don't need any reference text to help point to the footnote. But most likely you will want to offer a brief guide to the reader that points to the same footnote they might have already read, rather than simply add a duplicate (and solitary) footnote number.
The number will, like all default cross references, show up with a blue underline because now it is a hyperlink; see the Tips section below for how to change this. Step 3. Mark the reference. • Open the Reference Tools dialog if it is not already open (it can be dragged aside using its title bar as the "grab" point) and go to the reference in the body text area. • Click in the document to place your cursor after the word "footnote" (or whatever word or phrase you used as a text pointer in Step 2, if indeed you used one). In the Reference Tools dialog make sure the Reference Type and Selected Target fields still display the items you want to reference, then click the [Mark] button (not the [Mark Target] button) to insert the cross reference mark. See Fig. 3.
• Generate the document to establish the connection. See Fig. 4.
Notes • Click Close on the Reference Tools dialog to return to the document. ☼ Notice that a cross reference is hyperlinked and is set in the same font type and size as the text at that location. This is the way cross references work. Hence, it will not look like a normal superscripted footnote number in your text.
However, it can be selected and
superscripted (with Format, Font, Position), but the hyperlink (with
underline) will remain since this (Hypertext) is a standard
WordPerfect style.
You can remove the blue color and underline from hyperlinks by editing the Hypertext style in Format, Styles and removing the [color] and [Und] codes from the style. (You will only see this style in that Available Styles list if one or more hyperlinks already exists in the document.) But be aware that this will remove the color and underlining for all cross references in the current document, including those used for page numbers in any Table of Contents and/or Index in that document. Other documents will not be affected unless you deliberately save the edited style to a template or other document. Therefore, always work on a backup document when making such edits, since the edited style will persist with that document. (You could, of course, add the codes back into the style for that document, but this is a small pain to do.) ☼ You can add hyperlinks to standard footnote numbers, too. This might be useful when publishing the document as a PDF document. See the LinkNotes macro. [Page top] How to simulate "inline" footnotes [Scroll up for more tips
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Footnotes are "substructures" — think of them as small containers — and as such they are controlled by their own internal format. On the page, this produces one footnote below the next one, like stacking containers vertically. Some publications require "inline" (or "same line") footnotes that would appear like the image below, at the bottom of the page. (Note numbers are in red to make them easier to see in this example.)
Here, we wish to create several different (numbered) footnotes one after the other. However: You cannot "glue" normal WordPerfect footnotes together on the same line, like the example above. WordPerfect's built-in footnote feature won't allow it ... but you can simulate such inline notes with text inside a borderless text box, as was done in the example above. Although this is only a semi-automatic method (probably desirable so that you can oversee the process at each step and make any needed edits) which requires a little bit of time and attention, it works well. In general terms: • First
you will need to enter each of the superscripted
footnote reference numbers as a
plain
text number in the body text area of the document. See the first macro,
Note2Txt (discussed
below), which can help you do that.
[The Note2Txt macro can move footnote text (or endnote text) into a separate document, which can then be used as a source to copy-and-paste the original notes into footnotes. To make this easy, open both documents side by side on screen.] • Second, you will then enter a corresponding superscripted footnote number with related note text in the "footnote" area — that is, inside the borderless text box. Creating the text box can be done manually or, to make this process easier, you can use the second macro (InlineFN) below. NOTE: This general method would most
likely replace using the
normal footnote feature (Insert,
Footnote/Endnote) in the document. Therefore, it is best done on the final
draft.
Step 1. Use a macro to extract all notes into a separate document First, you can convert (extract) normal footnotes into a separate document. Later you can copy and paste them into the inline footnote text boxes created with the next macro (see Step 2). This is easily done with the Note2Txt macro. Play it and choose the "Renumber notes where they were in the original document" option (which appears after the notes have been converted). This option also places an ordinary superscripted plain-text number (i.e., not a code) at the original footnote reference location in the body text. Then, following the conversion, you can play the macro below on any page with such superscripted numbers to create a borderless text box at the bottom of the page. You will then need to copy-and-paste the appropriate footnotes from the separate document created by Note2Txt into the text box. Step 2. Use a macro to create a text box on the current page The macro below should work in WP9 and later versions. To copy the macro code into your program see here; to download the compiled macro (InlineFN.zip), click here. Play it to produce a borderless text box at the bottom of the current page. Be sure to play it just ONCE per PAGE, otherwise, multiple boxes will overlap. The box will have a 2" horizontal line as a "footnote separator." You can edit the box by clicking in it to add your own text. (Some sample text is used in the macro in the Type() command, but this can be deleted from the code, or later, from the text box.) As you enter text into the box, it will expand vertically but stay on the same page. When done, click outside the box to return to the document. The box is positioned between current page margins and is anchored to the page. Body text will flow around the box, but be aware that the information in the box that you type into it might not pertain to the current page if lots of text is added to, or deleted from, either the box or the body text. HENCE, it is best to use this macro when the final draft is done, and to FREQUENTLY SAVE the document with a different name, perhaps numbering the new documents as you save them: See MultiSav for help with this. [As noted, this macro can also be downloaded here. Then go to Step 3.] // Macro begins here // Inline footnote simulator.wcm // (c) 2009 by Barry MacDonnell If (VersionInfo (WordPerfectVersion!; FileMajorVersion!) < 9) MessageBox (;"Sorry..."; "This macro is for WordPerfect 9 and later versions") Return EndIf If(?DocBlank) MessageBox (;"Sorry..."; "This macro cannot be played in an empty document") Return Endif // Exit from any substructure: pExitSubstructures () // Get and store some document information: PosPageTop vLM=MarginLeft() vRM=MarginRight() vLMpos:=?PaperWidth-(?PaperWidth-vLM) vRMpos:=?PaperWidth-vRM vBoxWidth:=vRMpos-vLMpos // Create the text box: BoxCreate(TextBox!) // Edit its contents: BoxContentEdit // Add a hard return before the horizontal line: HardReturn // Create a footnote separator line: GraphicsLineCreate GraphicsLineType (Horizontal!) GraphicsLineStyle (SingleLine!) GraphicsLineLength (2.0") GraphicsLineHorizontalPosition (Set!; 0.0") GraphicsLineVerticalPosition (Set!; 0.167") GraphicsLineEnd (Save!) // Add a hard return after the horizontal line: HardReturn // Add text attributes and change relative size of text, // if desired; DELETE this command if not needed: AttributeRelativeSizeToggle(Small!) // Type some sample text into the box; // DELETE this command if not needed: Type("SAMPLE: 1. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. 2. Ut enim ad minim.") // Exit from the box's content editing dialog - SubstructureExit () // Set the size of box, border, position on page, etc. - BoxWidth (vBoxWidth) BoxHeight (AutoHeight!) BoxBorder(NoBorder!) BoxFill (FillStyleName: NoFill!) BoxAttachTo (Anchor: Page!) BoxStaysOnPage (State: Yes!) // Keep it on the page BoxOverlap (State: Yes!) // Overlap any other boxes BoxHorizontalAlignment (AlignMargins!;FullAlign!) DefaultUnits(WPUnits!) // Use WP units in next command BoxHorizontalPosition(vLMpos) BoxVerticalAlignment(Bottom!) BoxTextFlow(NeitherSide!) // Update changes and exit from box - BoxUpdateDisplay () BoxEnd (State: Save!) // Exit from macro: pExitSubstructures () Return // - - - Procedures, routines, etc., here: // Exit from any header, footer, footnote, endnote, text box, etc.: Procedure pExitSubstructures () While (?Substructure) vSubDoc:=?CurrentSubDoc SubstructureExit If (vSubDoc=10 or vSubDoc=11) BoxEnd (Save!) EndIf EndWhile vImageType:=?BoxContentType If(vImageType=3) BoxEnd (Save!) Endif EndProc // Macro ends Step
3. Copy the extracted footnotes into the text box
As noted above you will then need to copy-and-paste
the appropriate extracted footnotes from the separate document created by
Note2Txt.
Finally, footnotes that are too long can be edited to shorten them or perhaps they can be split (manually) between two text boxes; it will be up to you to decide. [Page top] |
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