Barry MacDonnell'sToolbox for WordPerfect
Macros, tips, and
templates for Corel® WordPerfect® for Windows®
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Macros, tips, and
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Page updated Apr 17, 2019 |
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Footnotes and Endnotes: Setting or changing margins, numbering, font sizes, tabs and other formatting in WordPerfect notes
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Overview (or "Things You Should Know First") Where your notes appear By default, all body text -- including footnotes an endnotes, headers and footers, and standard page numbering -- will appear inside the four page margins. • Page
margins are displayed using margin guidelines
-- faint dotted gray lines on your screen which do not print. These guidelines set a four-sided perimeter that normally contains your text, notes, headers/footers, etc.
On the other hand, anything between that perimeter and the edge of the page is referred to as outside the margin -- even though the area is often referred to as the "margin" or "in the margin" in printed material.
It can be a bit confusing, so when editing a document in WordPerfect it might help to think in terms of a fence (the margin guidelines) that has an inside and an outside. There are some tips on this site (e.g., here) to let you work outside the fence, but most of the time you will work inside it. Tip: Guidelines can
be made "draggable" and/or toggled on and off from the View, Guidelines
menu. For more on Guidelines vs. Gridlines see here.
• Footnotes are typically placed at the bottom of all pages just inside the bottom page margin (but you can optionally force footnotes on the last page to appear just below the last paragraph of text). See Part 1 below. • Endnotes are typically placed on a separate page, but you can put them on any page (see here). • Footers (if used) will "push" footnotes upward from the page's bottom margin. The distance can be adjusted in the footer's property bar. For more on headers and footers see here. You can use both footnotes and endnotes in the same document Using both types of notes in the same document might come in handy (for example) if you wish to use one for author's notes that are intended to be removed (or copied) later. [Tip: See NoteTools for some macros that can help quickly navigate and/or convert notes.] Exceptions
• Footnotes
in parallel
columns
WordPerfect
does not
support creating footnotes in parallel columns. (See Format, Columns on
the main WordPerfect menu.) Footnotes will be converted to endnotes if
you try to create footnotes in parallel olumns.
However: Footnotes can be created in newspaper columns. You can change parallel columns to newspaper columns by double-clicking the [Col Def] code in Reveal Codes.] • Footnotes in tables If you try to create a footnote in a header row of a table, you will find that the Footnote/Create option is unavailable. You must use an endnote in that situation.
Reason: Since a header row might span several pages, a footnote would not logically work in that situation, so WordPerfect forces you to use an endnote. However: You can use footnotes in ordinary non-header rows if you disable (un-tick) the option, "Divide row across pages" in Table, Format, Row (tab) for the row (or just right-click in the cell, then choose Format, Row (tab), etc.). If this option is enabled, you will find that the Footnote/Create option is unavailable, and you must use an endnote in that situation -- and for the same reason given above for header rows. [Thanks to Günther Juncker for this tip.] The default style, in turn, comes from the template that spawned the document. WordPerfect's formatting acts like a stream of water: Format codes introduced in the stream have effects that often flow downstream from one item to the next until the codes are either stopped or replaced with something else (of the same formatting type). • The current font and other format codes
for the default document style are
embedded in the [Open Style: DocumentStyle] code at the very top
of the main document's text. This special code can be seen in the Reveal Codes
window. It functions as a sort of "container" for the new
document's initial design elements and formatting codes.
• As mentioned, this initial style code comes from the template that spawned the document (usually, the program's default template). So, for example, if you want to force every note's text to take on the document's font type, font size, etc. -- as you might need to do if you copy a document with notes into your current document and the current document has a different default style -- you can set new font codes for the entire document, including the font used for all note numbering and the font used for the text inside your footnotes and endnotes, with File, Document, Current Document Style. [This opens the Styles Editor for the main document style. For a brief visual guide to using this feature to set your preferred default formatting, see here.] All note numbering and note text for that particular document will then inherit the font from the new (upstream) document style settings. This is a simple, global adjustment. • But what if you want to change these things individually? Footnote and/or endnote numbering styles for the note's number in the document's body text area (a.k.a. the "calling number"), as well as the text style inside the notes, can be modified so they will be different from the body text area of the main document. Moreover, these two items can be set independently of each other, as explained in the changes to the current document section below and in the permanent changes section. Styles The appearance of a footnote or endnote -- its placement, numbering method, default font, etc. -- is controlled by two built-in related styles, one for the note number (Ftn#InDoc or Endn#InDoc) in the body text of your document and the other (Footnote or Endnote) for the note's text. You'll see them listed under Format, Styles if they exist in the document. Notes
¤ There are several format codes that relate to footnotes and endnotes, some of which might exist in a particular document depending on how you might have adjusted formatting. These can be seen listed in Edit, Find and Replace, Match, Codes. Not all of them will be in a document or even be visible since some are included inside the note's governing style. Others, such as [Footnote Num Set], will appear at the location where they were implemented. ¤ The main format codes in the body text area of the document that produce the notes are seen in Reveal Codes as [Footnote] and [Endnote]. Removing such a code, either by manually deleting it in Reveal Codes or with Find and Replace, removes the note, too (and renumbers the remaining notes). As explained below, you can easily edit the existing footnote or endnote style to suit your needs, overriding the document's default settings for notes (see previous "Inheritance" paragraph). Thus, you can have the body text and other structures have one style of text, and the note text can have another style -- such as a smaller font than the body text. You can even have the note's number in the body text area have a different style from the surrounding body text, as in the example in the "Changes to the current document..." section below. If you want to change a note's style throughout the document there are several questions to ask yourself first. For example: • Do you want to apply any
changes you make to the current document only, or to all future
documents based on the template? If the latter, see the "Permanent
changes" section below.
• Is the text style of the note number (a/k/a the calling number) in the body of the document's text acceptable? For example, do you want the superscripted number enclosed in parentheses, bolded, and/or made relatively larger, etc.? [Note also that you can change the text style of the note's number in the body text area of the document independently of changes to the style of the note's text itself.] • What about the text style or format of the note text itself? Do you want to use a smaller font in the note itself, full justification, or insert a space (or tab or indent) between the note's number and the note's text? More tips In WordPerfect's Help (F1; Index tab) look up the topic, "Format (in WP8)," or "Formatting" (in WP9 and later versions). Under that Help heading, look for "footnotes (or endnotes)." It contains some useful information. Read through the remainder of this page. There are some tips that may help you solve a footnote or endnote problem. [Page top]
Changes to the current document (Part 1) to the overall note style, such as the spacing between notes, numbering format, etc. [Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
[Be sure to read the General Tips above.] Notes
¤ To make
changes to the overall footnote or endnote style for just the current
document, you (might) first have to go to the top of the
document
before all notes if you want all notes affected by your changes.
Otherwise, simply position the cursor just before the particular note number where you want the
change to take effect.
¤ To make changes to the footnote's (or endnote's) text area -- i.e., "inside the note" formatting -- for just the current document, see the "Changes...(Part 2)..." section below. ¤ To make your changes permanent for future documents, see below. How to do it In a document that has at least one footnote or endnote in it -Typical changes You can
change various aspects of footnotes and endnotes with the Advanced settings
built into each style.
Click Insert, Footnote (or Endnote), Options, Advanced. This brings up the Advanced Footnote Options dialog (or the Endnote Options dialog). • You
might want more vertical spacing
between notes, so set the "Space
between notes" option. Or you might want to set the spacing to zero so
that the notes will appear adjacent to one another, vertically.
• You can edit the number's style as it appears in the body text area (see Example 1) or set a different font in the note itself (see Example 2). • You can specify how much of the note's text to keep together on a page. • Using the Advanced settings, you can change the Numbering Style in the document itself with the "In Text" button, or change the note's text formatting (margins, fonts, etc.) using the "In Note" option, as explained in the examples below. Explore these and other options -- some of which are discussed elsewhere on this web page -- with a "test" document that has some notes in it. Using "In Text", for example, you could change the relative font size of the note's number in the body text area of your document: While in the footnote's Styles Editor that pops up when you click "In Text," select the [Footnote Num Disp] or [Endnote Num Disp] code -- it's easier to do this with <Shift+arrow> -- and make it relatively larger with Format, Font, Relative Size (accessed from the Styles Editor's menu, not WordPerfect's main menu). For example, if you are modifying the footnote style, the codes should look like this in the Styles Editor: [Suprscpt][Large][Footnote Num Disp][Large][Suprscpt]
Tips:
☼ If you prefer to have a space before and after the number in body text you can add spaces (not shown here) to each end of the above codes by simply pressing the <Spacebar> key. ☼ You can use the same method to change the font type ("font face") using the Format, Font menu in the Styles Editor. Important cautions: Don't simply select the [Footnote Num Disp]
code with mouse or keyboard and then set a new absolute
font
size
for the note's number, since footnote/endnote
number
styles are Open styles (they continue until turned off or replaced by
another of the same type) and you cannot apply an absolute size to just the number's selected Display
code (without enabling an option in the Styles Editor; see next
paragraphs). If you try, you might cause all body
text following the first note's
number to be set in the new size, too!
[To fix this problem you can simply edit the number style again to remove the absolute font size code. (Just drag it from the Contents pane to remove it.) Or you can set an absolute size using the method discussed in the next paragraphs.] The reason this happens is that unlike with the document's body text, an absolute font size code is always inserted in the Styles Editor as a single code (i.e., an "On" code only), and not a paired code (i.e., both "On"and "Off" codes) regardless of whether you select the [Footnote Num Disp] code first. Instead, you could set a relative size as in the above example, which is a paired code whenever it is applied to selected codes (or text). In other words, used this way (with selected material) the code will have an Off component as well as an On component. That said, note that you can use absolute sizes if you add a second "restorative" font size code following the footnote number code in the Contents pane -- one that is the same as the font size in the body text area at that point. The Contents pane should then look something like this: [Suprscpt][FontSize:14pt][Footnote Num Disp][FontSize:12pt][Suprscpt] This additional code will act as the font's "Off" code to the previous "On" code, and it should restore the change in font size back to the one used in the body text (here, 12-point). But it seems much more reliable to use a relative size change as discussed here, since the font size of the note's number will change (relative to the body text) if you change the font size of the body text. These cautions also apply to changing the font type (Arial, Times, etc.). However, just like the method mentioned in the previous paragraphs concerning font sizes, you could manually insert the same font type at the end of the string of codes in the Contents pane that is used in the document's body text. It would look like this in the Styles Editor, assuming Times New Roman as the body text default and Courier as the desired font for the number: [Font: Courier][Suprscpt][Footnote
Num Disp][Suprscpt][Font: Times New Roman]
Tip:
The
two new [Font] codes can also be placed inside the superscripted code
pair so that the parentheses are not affected by the change.
Using "In
Note", for example, when the Styles Editor opens to allow editing
the note's style you could insert a space
after the codes to produce a
space between the number and the content of the note itself. This saves
having to type in a space when creating each note, if you prefer a
space separator.
Use any of the items from the top menu of the Styles Editor to change the note's style. You can also drag codes out of the dialog window to delete them (or simply backspace over them); however, be sure to retain the [Footnote Num Disp] code, since this is what displays the number. Notice that when you are in the Styles Editor for the note itself (i.e., "In Note") you will see that the first code inside the Styles Editor's Contents pane is an [Open Style: DocumentStyle] code: This is the formatting code from the template on which the current document is based. Don't delete it or edit it. You can remove or add characters and codes after the Open Style code to achieve a new format. When you are done, press OK twice, then Close, to return to your document. Need to make your changes permanent? To make these
changes the default for future documents, see the permanent changes section.
[Page top] Changes to the current Document (Part 2) to the note's internal margins, fonts, justification, or other "inside the note" formatting [Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
[Be sure to read the General Tips above.] Notes
¤ To make changes to the overall note's style, such as the spacing between each note, the numbering style (e.g., font size or spaces before/after the number), how much of the note's text to keep together on a page, etc., see the "Changes...(Part 1)..." section above. ¤ As noted in the "Inheritance" section above, notes get much of their formatting from the default document style. You can, of course, add formatting to any individual note's text the same as you would for text in the body of the document. However (and except where noted), the material below in this section deals with modifying formatting inside the note's text area which then will apply to all notes in that document. ¤ To make your changes permanent for future documents, see below. Editing the note's
style with the Styles Editor Either -
• Open Reveal Codes and click inside
any existing note; then double-click the [Open Style:
Footnote] or [Open Style: Endnote] code at the beginning of
the note in the Reveal Codes window.
or -
• While inside the main document
area click Insert, Footnote/Endnote. With the radio button
enabled for the type of note (footnote or endnote), click the Options
button, then Advanced. When the Advanced Footnote (or
Endnote) Options dialog appears, click the In Note button.
[The In Text
button lets you change the format of the superscripted number in the
main boidy text area of the document. This button is also available
using the
method in the section above on
formatting the overall style.]
Either method will bring up the Styles Editor for the notes. Margins in notesMost often this particular Styles
Editor (see previous
paragraphs) is useful for changing
footnote (or endnote) margins in the text of the note to the same margin
settings that exist in the document prior to the footnote (or endnote).
[Footnotes and
endnotes
"inherit" their initial page margin (and some other) settings from the
current
document style as explained above.]
• Using the foonote's (or endnote's) Styles Editor's menu (at the top of the Editor's dialog), click Format, Margins. • Then set the left and/or right margins (in the fields under "Document margins" in the dialog that pops up) to match the body text area's margins. This will insert the new new margin format code(s) in the Contents pane of the Styles Editor. [Note that the insertion point (cursor) where changes will be made is displayed as a small red block (█) in the Contents pane.] • Click OK when finished to close the Styles Editor. Notes ¤ Be especially aware there is an
[Open
Style: DocumentStyle] code
inside the Contents pane of this Styles Editor. Do not delete it
or edit it, or you might lose other formatting inherited from the main
document's initial style code (which code has the same name).
¤ Also do not delete the [Footnote Num Disp] or [Endnote Num Disp] code, since this is what provides the automatically incrementing number (or letter) in the note itself. ¤ The new margin setting code (e.g., [Lft Mar]) should normally be located just after the [Open Style...] code in the Contents pane, before all other codes. Tips ☼ Starting with WordPerfect 11, if you first enable a
checkbox
option in the Insert, Footnote/Endnote dialog ("Align with document margins")
WordPerfect will place a [LftMar] code in the footnote's (or endnote's)
text. This causes the note's text to
align with the current page's left margin; however, the note's number at the
bottom of the page will still be at the extreme left (the default
location).
Hence, you might prefer setting the left margin for all notes inside the Footnote (or Endnote) style code as explained above in the previous paragraphs in this section. This places the number in alignment with the left page margin. ☼ If you delete the [Hd Left Tab] code in the Styles Editor's Contents pane, the note's number will start at the left margin instead of at the next tab stop. ☼ You can quickly change the left/right margins in an individual note by clicking inside the note and then dragging their page margin guidelines (you can enable them with View, Guidelines on the program's top menu) in the note leftward or rightward. But to change all notes in one operation, use the method above. Text justification, font size, tabs, line spacing, and other inside-the-notes formatting Text justification:
You can also
click the justification button on the Styles Editor (see above) toolbar for fully justified footnote
(or endnote) text, etc.
In the Contents pane of the Styles Editor, be sure to place the new [Just] code before (i.e., to the left of) the footnote (or endnote) number display codes, not after them. Notes ¤ Typically, any justification other than Left that you make in the text area of the footnote (or endnote) in the main document area will cause the note's text to start one line below the note's number. Using the Styles Editor (see above) to set justification to Full, etc., is a cure for this odd issue. (But see the next Note for an alternative to this.) ¤ If you want Full justification to be applied to just the current note and not other notes, and also not have the text drop down a line (as noted in the previous paragraph), here's a little trick from Noal Mellot in a WordPerfect Universe post, which applies equally to footnotes and endnotes: Instead
of using the Styles Editor, "... turn on RevealCodes in the
footnote editing window [i.e., the note's text area], delete the
Footnote style code, set to full justification, then, via the
[document's Format,] Styles menu, reapply the Footnote style code
after the full justification code."
[This trick also works for some other formatting, such as setting new tabs or line spacing for just that note.] Font size:
Note that you
can set the font size for all footnote or endnote text in the Styles
Editor (see above).
You can even set the font size to a fractional size (e.g., 10.5 points), but it is not obvious how to do it: In the footnote's or endnote's Styles Editor, do not use the font size drop list on the Editor's property bar. Instead, use the Styles Editor's top menu by clicking Format, Font. The Font Properties dialog appears. On the Font tab, type the fractional size (e.g., 10.5) in the Size field, then click OK. This inserts a [Font Size] code in the Editor's Contents pane, at the current cursor location. [Thanks to Billvv on WordPerfect Universe for this tip.] Tabs:
Line spacing: Assuming you
have already set line spacing
inside the initial
document style (see "Inheritance" above)
to some value other than the
one you need to use inside notes, use Format, Line, Spacing in the
Styles Editor for the notes.
[Why "other than"? If, for example, the document's default line spacing is set to 1.0, then you won't be able to use this same value in the note's style since the program won't set a code that is redundant. Change the line spacing in the document's default style first, then set the note's line spacing.] If you have set line spacing in the document's main body text area (say, at the top of the document), then the notes will use whatever is indicated inside the default document style (or the template that spawned it). Hence, setting (e.g.) a line spacing of 2.0 at the top of the document will still produce notes with a line spacing of 1.0 (if that is the default document style -- which it normally is). Other formatting: Back up the
document and experiment!
Need
to make your changes permanent?
To make these
changes the default for future documents, see the permanent
changes section.
Examples Example 1:
A typical problem:
There's a different font in the footnotes than the font used in body text. Q: I would create a footnote in a
document that was done in
Times New Roman, and the footnote without fail would be created in
Courier (the number in the document body was TNR, but at the bottom of
the page everything was in Courier). Any ideas on how to fix this?
A: The font of the footnote's text (and endnote text) is controlled by the document's default font, which in your case appears to be Courier. If you go to the top of the document, double-click the [Open Style: Document Style] code in Reveal Codes. You should see the document's default font in the Styles Editor -- probably set to Courier. Also, somewhere at the top of the document itself, you'll probably see a Times font code. The Times font applies to the body text from that point forward, but "substructures" such as footnotes, endnotes, headers, text boxes, comments, etc., will take their font from the default document style. There are a couple of ways to solve this: (A) Change WordPerfect's default document style in the Styles Editor to Times New Roman (and if you wish this to be the default for all new documents in the future, check the box "Use as default"). The footnotes (or endnotes) should now appear in TNR. ¤ Note: To set new fonts or font sizes,
I suggest you change the default document style either by
double-clicking the [Open Style: Document Style] code in Reveal Codes,
or with the menu selection, File, Document, Current Document Style (not Default Font, which only works if
there are no existing font codes in the Styles Editor).
(B) An alternative is to change only the notes' font for the current document (as described above in this section): With Reveal Codes open, click inside any note. Then double-click the [Open Style: Footnote] or [Open Style: Endnote] code. This will bring up the Styles Editor for the notes in the document. Enter the font you want to use for the document's notes. Example 2: Setting customized tabs:
[Page top] Permanent changes (for future documents)[Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
[Be sure to read the general tips in the Overview section above.] To make your changes in the current document apply to new, future documents you can copy the newly modified note's style (see above sections) into the default template.
[For more information about the default template, where it is and how
to edit it, see the Templates page. You could simply
edit the default template document directly and create the new footnote or endnote style while editing it.
In other words, by editing the template document you would not need to
copy the style into it -- you would simply create it there. However,
for some users it might be easier and less problematic to copy the
style into the template as described in the next 3 steps.]
Step 1. Make your changes to the appropriate footnote or endnote style as explained in the sections above ("Changes to the current document..."). Tip
If you want to restore these modified styles in the default template to their original state, you can either - (A) follow the above procedure and save a newer version of the style that does not contain the custom modifications, thereby replacing the modified style; or - (B) edit the default template, select the modified styles there, and use the Options, Reset button in the template to reset the modified styles to their default state. [Page top] Setting new note numbering mid-way in the document[Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
While you type: To set new footnote or endnote numbering values at the cursor location while you create new footnotes or endnotes in a normal sequence: In the Insert, Footnote/Endnote dialog you can use the field's spinner arrows to increment or decrement the number's (or character's) value.
This
probably is best done for the first note on a given page, otherwise the
other numbering values that are displayed might be confusing.
• Alternatively (and suggested for long or complex documents): Wait until the final draft and use the "When you edit" tip below. This should help prevent out-of-sequence numbering caused when creating/revising the document. (If such should occur, you can open Reveal Codes and remove the offending [Footnote Num Set] codes responsible.) When you edit: If you want to reset existing numbering -- i.e., change to a new number/letter/character's value starting on a specific page: • Place your cursor anywhere before
the point in the document's text where you want the new numbering to
take effect.
• In the Insert, Footnote/Endnote dialog make sure the appropriate radio button (Footnote number or Endnote number) is enabled. • Click on the Options button, then choose Set Number. • Select a new number (or character) -or- click a radio button to increase or decrease the next note's value by one. • Click OK, then Close the box. In Reveal Codes you should see [for footnotes] a new [Footnote Num Set] -or- [Footnote Num Inc] -or- [Footnote Num Dec] code at that location. [Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
Changing the font of the message Here's a tip from Charles Rossiter (Corel C_Tech):Removing the message Go to the top of the footnoted document and click Insert, Footnote/Endnote and make sure the Footnote radio button is selected. Then click Options, Advanced. Then uncheck the "Insert (continued...) message" option. Click OK, then Close. [Page top]
Hiding note numbers [Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
It is possible to have footnotes (or endnotes) without displaying the note's number in the text or in the note (or both). This might be useful, for example, if you want to keep some explanatory text -- something less formal than a footnote -- at the bottom of a page so that if the related body text is moved, the explanation will move along with it. Here's how to do it (based on a tip posted by "Re~Silient" on the Corel WP10 newsgroup). Basically, you color all note numbers white so they won't print. In the text • Click Format, Styles, select
Ftn#inDoc or Endn#inDoc
Note: If the note style is not shown on
the Style List, click on Options, Setup, and check (i.e., enable) the
box to display System styles. DO NOT CHOOSE the option in this dialog
to save the modified style to the default template unless you really
want the changes to apply to all future documents based on the default
template.
• Click Edit. • In the Styles Editor's Contents field, place the cursor just in front of the [Footnote Num Disp] or [Endnote Num Disp] code. • Click Format, Font, then text color. Select white, and click OK. • Place the cursor just after the [Footnote Num Disp] or [Endnote Num Disp] code. • Click Format, Font, then text color. Select black, and click OK. • Click OK to exit the Styles Editor, then Close. All note numbers in the body text are now colored white, but the codes will still show in Reveal Codes. In the note itself (in Reveal Codes) • Double-click on the [Open Style] code at the beginning of the note. This will open the Styles Editor for the note's text. • In the Styles Editor's Contents field, place the cursor just in front of the [Footnote Num Disp] or [Endnote Num Disp] code. • Click Format, Font, then text color. Select white, and click OK. • Place the cursor just after the [Footnote Num Disp] or [Endnote Num Disp] code. • Click Format, Font, then text color. Select black, and click OK. • Click OK to exit the Styles Editor, then Close. All note numbers in the note's text are now colored white, but the codes will still show in Reveal Codes. [Page top] Tips for using notes in master documents and subdocuments[Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
From Laura Acklen's tutorial Working with Master Documents and Subdocuments: "Footnotes
and Endnotes
• Don't place footnote or endnote option codes in the subdocuments. Place these codes only in the master document. • In most cases, footnotes should be numbered sequentially throughout a document. If you decide to restart the numbering in each subdocument, however, you need to place a footnote numbering code in an open style at the top of each subdocument. • You can place all endnotes at the end of the document or at the end of each subdocument. For the former method, insert an endnote placement code at the end of the master document, and choose Insert Endnotes at Insertion Point in the Endnote Placement dialog box. For the latter method, insert an endnote placement code at the end of the subdocument, and choose Insert Endnotes at Insertion Point and Restart Numbering in the Endnote Placement dialog box...." For more tips on using the master and subdocument feature, see the "Notes and Tips for Master Documents and Subdocuments" feature on the MakeSubs macro download page here. [Page top] Using characters/symbols in place of one or more footnote numbers[Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
A. Using characters in place of ALL footnote numbers (for SOME numbers see below) If you want to use the same text character (e.g., an asterisk) or symbol (e.g., inserted with Insert, Symbol) for ALL footnotes instead of using incrementing numbers or letters (the default methods):B. Using characters in place of SOME footnote numbers (for ALL numbers see above)1. Click Insert, Footnote, Options (button), Advanced.If you have already created footnotes in the current document, simply place your cursor to the left of the footnote code where you want to start using characters (or at the very top of the document), then follow the above steps, choosing Close in Step 3. Suppose you have a dozen footnotes and want footnote #3 and footnote #10 to be preceded by an asterisk character (*) and not a number, but you want all numbered footnotes to retain their standard numerical sequence. [Page top] Long footnotes: white space (pagination) problems, and how to divide a long footnote over several pages[Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
Do you have one or more long footnotes
that seem to want to stay together on the same page and cause large,
empty areas on a page (or even blank pages) due to WordPerfect's
forcing its own pagination scheme?
This can happen even when you have set the amount of footnotes to keep together on one page to a large amount with Insert, Footnote/Endnote, Options, Advanced. Here's a tip from Charles Rossiter (Corel C_Tech) that might explain why this happens and what to do about it: "The final pagination in relation to footnotes is dependent not just the current footnote, but also on its neighbours.To these tips, "J.A.G." at WordPerfect Universe added: - Use endnotes. [Tips: See the Corel shipping macro, Footend.wcm, which can convert all your footnotes to endnotes. To convert single footnotes to endnotes, and vice versa, see SwapNote.wcm here.]Dividing footnotes Think of a footnote as somewhat like a separate document. If you need to break up a footnote across several pages, place your cursor at the desired locations and press <Ctrl+Enter> to insert a hard page break. [Page top] [Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
Assume you want a gray (grey) separator
line between body text and footnote. You can, of course, use any color.
Here's a tip based on a newsgroup post by Charles Rossiter: [At this point you might want to locate your cursor at the top of the document so that all footnote separator styles change from that point forward. Otherwise, WordPerfect will put a [Delay] code at the top of the document and delay the onset of the new line style until it reaches the location where the cursor is currently located.]Note: This procedure puts a [Footnote Sep Ln] code in the document (or inside a [Delay] code if you do not start on page 1). If you double-click on this code in Reveal Codes, you have a quick method of changing the line's spacing, format, and style. [Page top] Use two different footnote styles in the same document[Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
Assume you have a document where page 1 has a large left margin, and page 2 and following pages have a normal margin or one that differs from page 1 (resetting page margins on page 2 is best done with a delay code; see here). In overview, you need to create two new footnote styles and a small macro to employ them when needed in the document. Create the two styles. For this example let's call them FootnotePg1 and FootnotePg2. First, create a typical document that you plan to use these new footnotes in, and be sure it contains at least one footnote so that the Footnote style appears in Format, Styles. Be sure your cursor is NOT inside the footnote.Now, create this macro in your default macros folder: FootnoteCreateThe macro inserts a footnote on the current page. If it is page 1, it will create the footnote using the FootnotePg1 style. If it is any other page, it will create the footnote using the FootnotePg2 style. Note that these styles must already exist in the document (or the template on which the document is based). Once created on your system, the macro can be accessed from a menu, toolbar button, and/or shortcut key: See here. [Page top]
[Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
To prevent misunderstanding, let me explain further: The topic here is not about using footnotes in body text that has been formatted into one or more columns of text with Format, Columns. Rather, this topic describes a method of producing footnotes where each footnote is split into two columns inside the footnote itself. The body text on these pages might be formatted as a single column (or no column formatting at all) or it might be formatted in multiple newspaper columns. [N.B.: WordPerfect does not support creating footnotes in parallel columns. Footnotes will be converted to endnotes if you try to create footnotes in parallel olumns. However, footnotes can be created in newspaper columns. You can change parallel columns to newspaper columns by double-clicking the [Col Def] code in Reveal Codes.]The following is based on the author's reply to a post on WordPerfect Universe. It is a bit time consuming since it is not an automatic method, but it gets the job done. Method • First, make a copy of your
document, then convert all footnotes in it to "plain text" endnotes in
a separate document with my Note2Txt
macro.
[In the first menu dialog that appears when you play the Note2Txt macro, choose "Footnotes" and "Separate document." In the second menu dialog, format the notes to your preferences (perhaps use just superscripted numbers without a "terminator" but with a space after the number). In the third dialog that appears (after you click Convert Notes), choose the second option -- "Number notes where they were in the original document."] You should now have two
documents: the original with note numbers in plain text in the body
text area instead of [Footnote] codes, and a separate "notes" document
containing all notes in plain text.
• Go to the first page that has note numbers on it, and take note of which notes should appear at the bottom of the page. Then go to the separate "notes" document and select the notes that should be on that first page in the main document. While text is selected, click Insert, Text box to insert the selected notes into a text box. (You can remove the border later.) • Select the note material inside the text box and set any desired font, font size, etc. • Change the notes to two columns: Place the cursor at the top of the note material inside the box, before the first note's number, and click Insert, Columns to change the material to two-column format; choose "Balanced newspaper" columns if desired. (The box size might change; you can resize the box later.) • Click outside this box to get out of the box's edit mode, then right-click on the box and choose "Select box" from the context menu that appears. Press <Ctrl+C> to copy the box to the Windows clipboard. • Go to the first page with the notes, and paste (<Ctrl+V> ) the text box anywhere on the page. Right-click on it and select Position, Attach box to: Page, and set a Vertical Box Position of "0" inches from Bottom Margin. Enable the checkbox, "Box stays on page." (The Horizontal Position should probably be Center of Margins.) Click OK. • To remove the border from the text box, right-click the text box and choose Border/Fill, choose the "empty" icon to set the border style to "no line" style, then click OK. • To resize the box, right-click the text box and choose Size, then set the Width to Full. • Go to the next page with note numbers on it and repeat the text box creation procedure for those specific notes, copy the box, paste it, etc. Note Since you have converted footnotes to endnotes, then inserted a text box on the previous page, you probably will need to be careful when examining the document to ensure that the new "boxed" notes end up on their proper pages. Tip You can add hard returns prior to the [Col Def] codes in the footnotes to add spacing between the footnotes and the body text. [Page top] [Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
Here's a tip based on a post on
WordPerfect Universe (here)
that puts the footnote numbers flush against the left margin and
automatically indents all subsequent footnote text paragraphs
one tab stop inward from the margin. (See the Method section below.)The effect is made more apparent with multiple paragraphs in a footnote: They all will line up under the first paragraph, not at the left margin, like this: Note
You can apply this formatting to just the current document, or you can save it as a default footnote style (see above). Method Assuming your document page's left margin is set to 1.0" and your first tab stop is set at 1.25" -- Step 1. Click inside an existing footnote to place the cursor in the footnote's text area. In Reveal Codes, double-click on the [Open Style: Footnote] code; this opens the Styles Editor dialog. Note
that the very first code inside the Styles Editor's Contents pane is
another [Open Style] code:
This is the formatting code from the template on which the current
document is based; its purpose is to allow the footnote to inherit
general formatting from that template. In the next steps you will
remove or add codes after this [Open Style] code to achieve the
new format.
Step 2. With the cursor just to the right of the [Open Style] code in the Contents pane (if it is not in that position, click there with your mouse), remove any [Hd Left Tab] code with the <Delete> key. This code is typically inserted to cause the footnote text to start one tab stop after the note's number. This same effect will be accomplished below. Step 3. Go to the menu at the top of the Styles Editor dialog and click Format, Margins. In the new dialog that appears, increase the left page margin to 1.25" (and the right page margin if necessary to match the main document's right page margin). This setting makes footnote text start at the same tab stop that you use in the main document (in this example, at 1.25"). Step 4. Exit from the footnote and open a new, blank document. Click on Format, Line, Tab Set from the main WordPerfect menu and manually set the "Tab position" to -0.25" (i.e., minus 0.25 inch) from the left margin, and set it to Repeat every 0.25". Click Set, then Close to return to the (otherwise blank) document. [Tip: You can also set tabs every 0.25" with the TabSet25 macro in the Library.] At this point you can test the
effect achieved by the new tab setting by immediately entering a hard
back tab with <Shift+Tab>. The cursor should move outside the
left margin by 0.25". Note that the [Tab Set] code will not show
this new setting in Reveal Codes, but it is there nonetheless.
Step 5. In Reveal Codes, carefully select just the resulting [Tab Set] code, copy it (<Ctrl+C>), and paste it (<Ctrl+V>) into the footnote's Styles Editor in the document that contains your footnotes by editing the footnote as described above in Step 1. The new code should be pasted immediately after the [Lft Mar: 1.25"] code. (See the code sequence at the end of these instructions, below.) Step 6. Click on Format, Paragraph, Back Tab on the Styles Editor menu. This will insert a [Hd BackTab] code in the Contents pane, just to the right of the [Lft Mar: 1.25"] and [Tab Set] codes. This back tab setting moves the footnote number back to the left margin. Step 7. Move the cursor past the [Footnote Num Disp] code and past any formatting codes surrounding it (the default is a pair of [Suprscpt] codes). Click on Format, Paragraph, Indent. This will insert a [Hd Lft Indent] code. This setting ensures all footnote paragraphs will be indented one tab stop (here, 0.25") from the left margin. The resulting codes should look
something like this in the Contents pane (and they should be in this
order but without space characters between the [codes]):
[Open Style: DocumentStyle] [Left Mar: 1.25"] [Tab Set: (Rel)...] [Hd Back Tab] [SuprScpt] [Footnote Num Disp] [SuprScpt] [Hd Left Ind] Step 8. Click OK to return to the document. [Page top] How to reference the same footnote in a document from multiple body text locations (a.k.a. "repeat" a footnote) [Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
A
WordPerfect footnote is made up of two parts:
(1) the footnote number in the body text area of the document -- also called the footnote reference -- andRepeating a footnote number elsewhere in the text so that you have more than one "pointer" to a given footnote is often requested by users. Unfortunately, using WordPerfect's automatic footnote feature you can't have two identical footnote references (i.e., duplicate [Footnote] number codes) in the body text of the same document ... but you can cross-reference an existing footnote more than once, either from one or more locations in the body text area (thereby simulating a duplicate note number with a cross reference number), or from inside other footnote text (i.e., use a normal footnote but one whose text at the bottom of the page contains a cross reference to another footnote). With a little fiddling you can even make the numbers appear much like a normal superscripted footnote number, as described in the Tips section below. Here's how to do it. [Note that menu choices below refer to the <WordPerfect> menu, not the <Microsoft Word> menu. Right-click on the top menu bar to see what menu is active.] Step 1 - Mark the "target" footnote. • Go to the existing footnote you wish to reference (i.e., click inside the footnote itself, usually at the beginning of the note's text). • Then click on Tools, Reference, Cross Reference to open the Reference Tools dialog (Cross Reference tab). See Fig. 1.
The above dialog can be dragged aside using
its title bar as the "grab" point.
(a) Make sure the Reference Type field is set to "Footnote" so that the reference will use the footnote's actual number. (b) Enter a unique target name (e.g. "footnote2" or "crossref_b" or whatever you fancy), in the Select Target field. (c) Click the [Mark Target] button to insert the new [Target] code, which will now be visible in Reveal Codes, as shown in Fig. 1a.
• Go to (click in) the document location(s) where you want to add the reference to the same footnote -- it can even be inside another footnote -- and add some reference text such as "see footnote " as shown in the Fig. 2 example below. This step is not mandatory. You could add just the reference number in the document -- Step 3 does this -- if you don't need any reference text to help point to the footnote. But most likely you will want to offer a brief guide to the reader that points to the same footnote they might have already read, rather than simply add a duplicate (and solitary) footnote number.
The number will, like all default cross references, show up in blue underline because it is now a hyperlink; see the Tips section below for how to change this. Step 3. Mark the reference. • Open the Reference Tools dialog if it is not already open (it can be dragged aside using its title bar as the "grab" point) and go to the reference in the body text area. • Click in the document to place your cursor after the word "footnote" (or whatever word or phrase you used as a text pointer in Step 2, if indeed you used one). In the Reference Tools dialog make sure the Reference Type and Selected Target fields still display the items you want to reference, then click the [Mark] button (not the [Mark Target] button) to insert the cross reference mark. See Fig. 3.
• Generate the document to establish the connection. See Fig. 4.
Notes • Click Close on the Reference Tools dialog to return to the document. Tips ☼ Notice that a cross reference is hyperlinked and is set in the same font type and size as the text at that location. This is the way cross references work. Hence, it will not look like a normal superscripted footnote number in your text.
However, it can be selected and
superscripted (with Format, Font, Position), but the hyperlink (with
underline) will remain since this (Hypertext) is a standard
WordPerfect style.
You can remove the blue color and underline from hyperlinks by editing the Hypertext style in Format, Styles and removing the [color] and [Und] codes from the style. (You will only see this style in that Available Styles list if one or more hyperlinks already exists in the document.) But be aware that this will remove the color and underlining for all cross references in the current document, including those used for page numbers in any Table of Contents and/or Index in that document. Other documents will not be affected unless you deliberately save the edited style to a template or other document. Therefore, always work on a backup document when making such edits, since the edited style will persist with that document. (You could, of course, add the codes back into the style for that document, but this is a small pain to do.) ☼ You can add hyperlinks to standard footnote numbers, too. This might be useful when publishing the document as a PDF document. See the LinkNotes macro. [Page top] How to simulate "inline" footnotes[Scroll up for more tips
or go to top]
Footnotes are "substructures" -- think of them as small containers -- and as such they are
controlled
by their own internal format. On the page, this produces one footnote
below the next one, like stacking containers vertically.
Some publications require "inline" (or "same line") footnotes that would appear like the image below, at the bottom of the page. (Note numbers are in red to make them easier to see in this example.)
Here, we wish to create several different (numbered) footnotes one after the other. However: You cannot "glue" normal WordPerfect footnotes together on the same line, like the example above. WordPerfect's built-in footnote feature won't allow it ... but you can simulate such inline notes with text inside a borderless text box, as was done in the example above. Although this is only a semi-automatic method (probably desirable so that you can oversee the process at each step and make any needed edits) which requires a little bit of time and attention, it works well. In general terms: • First
you will need to enter each of the superscripted
footnote reference numbers as a
plain
text number in the body text area of the document. See the first macro,
Note2Txt (discussed
below), which can help you do that.
[The Note2Txt macro can move footnote text (or endnote text) into a separate document, which can then be used as a source to copy-and-paste the original notes into footnotes. To make this easy, open both documents side by side on screen.] • Second, you will then enter a corresponding superscripted footnote number with related note text in the "footnote" area -- that is, inside the borderless text box. Creating the text box can be done manually or, to make this process easier, you can use the second macro (InlineFN) below. NOTE: This general method would most
likely replace using the
normal footnote feature (Insert,
Footnote/Endnote) in the document. Therefore, it is best done on the final
draft.
Step 1. Use a macro to extract all notes into a separate document First, you can convert (extract) normal footnotes into a separate document. Later you can copy and paste them into the inline footnote text boxes created with the next macro (see Step 2). This is easily done with the Note2Txt macro. Play it and choose the "Renumber notes where they were in the original document" option (which appears after the notes have been converted). This option also places an ordinary superscripted plain-text number (i.e., not a code) at the original footnote reference location in the body text. Then, following the conversion, you can play the macro below on any page with such superscripted numbers to create a borderless text box at the bottom of the page. You will then need to copy-and-paste the appropriate footnotes from the separate document created by Note2Txt into the text box. Step 2. Use a macro to create a text box on the current page The macro below should work in WP9 and later versions. To copy the macro code into your program see here; to download the compiled macro (InlineFN.zip), click here. Play it to produce a borderless text box at the bottom of the current page. Be sure to play it just ONCE per PAGE, otherwise, multiple boxes will overlap. The box will have a 2" horizontal line as a "footnote separator." You can edit the box by clicking in it to add your own text. (Some sample text is used in the macro in the Type() command, but this can be deleted from the code, or later, from the text box.) As you enter text into the box, it will expand vertically but stay on the same page. When done, click outside the box to return to the document. The box is positioned between current page margins and is anchored to the page. Body text will flow around the box, but be aware that the information in the box that you type into it might not pertain to the current page if lots of text is added to, or deleted from, either the box or the body text. HENCE, it is best to use this macro when the final draft is done, and to FREQUENTLY SAVE the document with a different name, perhaps numbering the new documents as you save them: See MultiSav for help with this. [As noted, this macro can also be downloaded here. Then go to Step 3.] // Macro begins here // Inline footnote simulator.wcm // (c) 2009 by Barry MacDonnell If (VersionInfo (WordPerfectVersion!; FileMajorVersion!) < 9) MessageBox (;"Sorry..."; "This macro is for WordPerfect 9 and later versions") Return EndIf If(?DocBlank) MessageBox (;"Sorry..."; "This macro cannot be played in an empty document") Return Endif // Exit from any substructure: pExitSubstructures () // Get and store some document information: PosPageTop vLM=MarginLeft() vRM=MarginRight() vLMpos:=?PaperWidth-(?PaperWidth-vLM) vRMpos:=?PaperWidth-vRM vBoxWidth:=vRMpos-vLMpos // Create the text box: BoxCreate(TextBox!) // Edit its contents: BoxContentEdit // Add a hard return before the horizontal line: HardReturn // Create a footnote separator line: GraphicsLineCreate GraphicsLineType (Horizontal!) GraphicsLineStyle (SingleLine!) GraphicsLineLength (2.0") GraphicsLineHorizontalPosition (Set!; 0.0") GraphicsLineVerticalPosition (Set!; 0.167") GraphicsLineEnd (Save!) // Add a hard return after the horizontal line: HardReturn // Add text attributes and change relative size of text, // if desired; DELETE this command if not needed: AttributeRelativeSizeToggle(Small!) // Type some sample text into the box; // DELETE this command if not needed: Type("SAMPLE: 1. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. 2. Ut enim ad minim.") // Exit from the box's content editing dialog - SubstructureExit () // Set the size of box, border, position on page, etc. - BoxWidth (vBoxWidth) BoxHeight (AutoHeight!) BoxBorder(NoBorder!) BoxFill (FillStyleName: NoFill!) BoxAttachTo (Anchor: Page!) BoxStaysOnPage (State: Yes!) // Keep it on the page BoxOverlap (State: Yes!) // Overlap any other boxes BoxHorizontalAlignment (AlignMargins!;FullAlign!) DefaultUnits(WPUnits!) // Use WP units in next command BoxHorizontalPosition(vLMpos) BoxVerticalAlignment(Bottom!) BoxTextFlow(NeitherSide!) // Update changes and exit from box - BoxUpdateDisplay () BoxEnd (State: Save!) // Exit from macro: pExitSubstructures () Return // - - - Procedures, routines, etc., here: // Exit from any header, footer, footnote, endnote, text box, etc.: Procedure pExitSubstructures () While (?Substructure) vSubDoc:=?CurrentSubDoc SubstructureExit If (vSubDoc=10 or vSubDoc=11) BoxEnd (Save!) EndIf EndWhile vImageType:=?BoxContentType If(vImageType=3) BoxEnd (Save!) Endif EndProc // Macro ends Step
3. Copy the extracted footnotes into the text box
As noted above you will then need to copy-and-paste
the appropriate extracted footnotes from the separate document created by
Note2Txt.
Finally, footnotes that are too long can be edited to shorten them or perhaps they can be split (manually) between two text boxes; it will be up to you to decide. [Page top] |
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